What personal responsibility do Ferdinand and Isabella bear for the Essay

What personal responsibility do Ferdinand and Isabella bear for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1942 - Essay Example In order to deal with this issue, they introduced the Inquisition, but reports from the Inquisitors only confirmed their fears that converts to Christianity could not be considered secure in the faith until they could be prevented from having any contact with Jews. Shortly after the fall of Granada, with the Muslim threat quashed, and Christian emotion running high, they decided to move for expulsion. Therefore, they bear great personal responsibility, but it should be noted that they were heavily influenced by the Inquisition, and by political developments. It has often been suggested that in the period leading up to the expulsion edict, greater intolerance and anti-Semitism had been developing in Europe generally. From the 13th century onwards, what Gavin Langmuir termed ‘chimeric antisemitism’ arguably made itself felt in Europe (Peters, 17). Evidence of popular resentment against Jews, as the perceived enemies of Christendom, is plentiful. For example, there were massacres in the Rhineland in 1096, as the First Crusade began. Spanish society, which had hitherto been characterised chiefly by its peaceful coexistence, was not exempt from this trend towards anti-Semitism. Altabà © certainly adopts this viewpoint, as he states that ‘Muslim caliphs and Christian kings often referred to themselves with pride as emperors of the three religions’ (728). Until the 14th century, as Peters notes, the public life of the Iberian states was commonly termed convivencia, or ‘peacefully living together’ (9). Ca stile and Aragon were unique cases in Western Europe, in terms of their religious and cultural diversity. They had the most substantial populations of Muslims and Jews in the region, and despite the restrictions placed on the latter, Jews were still able to rise to positions of power, wealth and prominence. Jews were to be found among the advisers of the monarchs and lords, and many of the most exalted

Construction method statement and risk assessment Essay

Construction method statement and risk assessment - Essay Example (eg Designing river diversions with a series of pools to allow salmon to swim uphill despite damming of rivers in Alaska) CONCEPT: The next step is to submit the preliminary design to local authorities with a detailed report on contextual impact including Environmental impact for feedback by Government authorities and the local population who may have valid feedback regarding its impact on their lives. At this stage, all viable options to achieve the ends without this drastic intervention shall be weighed and discussed. FINAL PROPOSAL: The final proposal shall be prepared on the basis of feedback received on the conceptual proposal, and submitted for permissions. The same proposal shall be priced and tendered out to ascertain budget. Communication to effected local populace on all aspects of construction that may impact their daily activities. This would include possible demolition schedules, changes to river traffic, increased heavy road traffic to and from project site, etc. The actual project execution begins after plant and machinery required has been finalised, human resource is on site and is trained, and complete documentation and drawings are available to begin work. B. Excavation of diversionary channel to depth including foundations and sidewalls. Both ends shall be cast in-situ with metal gates in shut position. These gates will be opened permanently after channel is complete. D. As it is cheaper, faster, environmentally friendly, and a better qualitative output, the sections of the channel shall be cast off-site, and lowered over the dowels jutting out of the PCC on site. The exposed re-bars will be tied to dowel re-bars and concrete shall be poured to give a smooth inner finish to the channel. All elements to control water speed within the channel shall be cast as parts of the off-site modules and placed as required by design. 1. Cranes and